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He was born on December 15, 1932, in Thirunellai, Palakkad district, Kerala. He completed his schooling from Basel Evangelical Mission Higher Secondary School and intermediate from Government Victoria College, Palakkad.
India’s railway man E Sreedharan was his classmates at school and college in Palakkad. Both of them were selected for Engineering in Kakinada (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University). Sreedharan decided to pursue it, while Seshan decided to join Madras Christian College.
Seshan graduated in physics from the Madras Christian College and worked for three years as demonstrator in the same institution. After passing the Indian Administrative Service in 1955, he went to study at Harvard University on Edward S. Mason Fellowship where he earned a master’s degree in public administration.
On returning he served as secretary of several departments in Tamil Nadu and at the center during his decades-long career.
Seshan’s name became synonymous with transparency and efficiency when he managed to stamp his authority on the country’s electoral system by conducting the cleanest elections in living memory. Nobody dared to violate the law.
Poll changes ushered in by him would often pit the political class and their media cronies not just against each other, but also against him, the election watchdog, getting labeled, in turn as – “Al-Seshan (Alsatian)” so much so, that electoral ‘battles’ would be dubbed by them as: Seshan versus Nation.
Before he was appointed as India’s chief election official, he was the cabinet secretary, the senior most position in the civil services.
In 1997, Seshan had unsuccessfully contested the presidential election against K R Narayanan, another native of Kerala.